Very Important Unix Commands

Are you looking for an article for Unix commands which are used for daily activities? Are you looking for the Unix commands which are used for manipulating data? Are also willing to know what commands used for networking and compressing the files? If yes, then you can refer this article as it highlights on commands which are used for data manipulation, networking, messaging and compressing the files.

A) Commands used for manipulating data:

Command	Details
awk	Pattern scanning and processing language
cmp	Compares the contents of two files
comm	Compares sorted data
cut	Cuts out selected fields of each line of a file
diff	Differential file comparator
expand	Expands tabs to spaces
join	Joins files on some common field
perl	Data manipulation language
sed	Stream text editor
sort	Sorts file data
split	Splits the file into smaller files
tr	Translates characters
uniq	Reports repeated lines in a file
wc	Counts words, lines, and characters
vi	Opens vi text editor
vim	Opens vim text editor
fmt	Simple text formatting
spell	Checks text for spelling error
ispell	Checks text for spelling error
emacs	GNU project Emacs
ex, edit	Line editor

B)  Commands used for Compressing files:

Command	Details
compress	Compresses files
gunzip	Helps uncompress gzipped files
gzip	GNU alternative compression method
uncompress	Helps uncompress files
unzip	List, test, and extract compressed files in a ZIP archive
zcat	Cat a compressed file
zcmp	Compares compressed files
zdiff	Compares compressed files
zmore	File perusal filter for crt viewing of compressed text

C)  Commands used for Getting information:

Command	Details
apropos	Locates commands by keyword lookup
info	Displays command information pages online
man	Displays manual pages online
whatis	Searches the whatis database for complete words
yelp	GNOME help viewer

D)  Commands used for Network Communication:

Command	Details
ftp	File transfer program
rcp	Remote file copy
rlogin	Remote login to a Unix host
rsh	Remote shell
tftp	Trivial file transfer program
telnet	Makes terminal connection to another host
ssh	Secures shell terminal or command connection
scp	Secures shell remote file copy
sftp	Secures shell file transfer program

E)  Commands used for sending messages between users:

Command	Details
evolution	GUI mail handling tool on Linux
mail	Simple send or read mail program
mesg	Permits or denies messages
parcel	Sends files to another user
pine	Vdu-based mail utility
talk	Talks to another user
write	Writes message to another user

Refer the video below more interesting concepts about Unix technology -

About Us

TechnoGuru is the platform to share knowledge through the articles, the quiz and Youtube videos based on Informatica Mater Data Management, Informatica Data Director, Active VOS, Informatica Services Integration Framework, Informatica User Exits, Provisioning Tool, Unix, Oracle, Microservices, Weblogic and Java. TechnoGuru team has extensive working experience and knowledge about these technologies.

The main focus of the website www.dronatechnoworld.com is to share knowledge with everyone and provide the latest updates in Technology.

You can reach us by email: guru4technoworld@gmail.com or by phone at +1 (914) 340 4011. You can donate us here

What are Zombie, Orphan and Daemon processes in Unix system?

Are you looking for the information about process management in Unix System? If already know about foreground and background process and would like to know more about Zombie, Orphan and Daemon processes in Unix system? If yes, then refer this article to understand more interesting things about process management in Unix. If you have not gone through the previous article about Process Management in Unix System then I would recommend going through it first.

What are Zombie processes?

Zombie processes are those processes which are killed or completed execution but still shows an entry in the process table.

Important points-

• The zombie process shows the process with a Z state.
• The zombie process is also known as the defunct process.
• Such kind of processes are dead and not being used for any business or system processing.
• The orphan processes and the zombie processes are different.
• A child process always first becomes a zombie before being removed 
• To remove zombies we can use 'kill' command as the SIGCHLD signal can be sent to the parent manually.

Reasons for the zombie processes-

1. The issue in the parent program: If the Zombies that exist for more time then it indicates an issue in the parent program
2. The issue with child program: The Unix system uncommon decision to not reap children.
3. The operating system issue: The bug in the operating system may cause the parent program is no longer running.

Impact of the zombie process-

1. No out of memory issue as the zombie process does not consume memory
2. The issue with running out of process table entries

 What are Orphan processes?

A child process which remains running itself even after its parent process is completed or terminated is called as an orphan process.

Important points

1. The orphan process is get created unknowingly and unintentionally due to process crash.
2. Normally, Unix system tries to protect the orphan process with help of user's shell. The Unix system tries to terminate the child processes by SIGHUP process signal.
3. Re-parenting automatically happens in Unix environment. i.e. assigning the parent to the child process. However, it is internal to Unix system
4. An orphan process is a computer process whose parent process has finished or terminated, though it remains running itself. Normally special init system process will be the parent for such orphan process. The process is still considered an orphan process as its original parent who created this process is no more exists.
5. In some cases, the orphan process is created intentionally. This is to detach the current user's session and let it run in the background, especially when the process is long running. Sometimes such orphan processes are also called a daemon process.

What is the daemon process?

The system related processes which run in the background and often run with the permissions of the root are called daemon processes. In many cases, these daemon processes service requests from other processes.

1. A daemon has no controlling terminal. 
2. The daemon process cannot open /dev/tty. 
3. e.g If we execute the command "ps -ef" and all daemon processes will have ? for the tty field in the output.
4. If we have a program which runs for a long time, it is good idea to make it a daemon and run it in the background.
5. Normally, such processes start when the system is bootstrapped 
6. The daemon processes terminate only when the system is shut down. 

Example of daemon process is real world is - printer daemon waiting for print commands.

Process Management in Unix System

Are you looking for an article on how does process management happen in Unix? Would you like to foreground and background processes in the Unix? Are you also would you like to know about commands related to the process management? If yes, then you reached the right place. This article provides detailed information about process management in Unix system.

Overview

The new process will be created and started whenever we issue a command in the Unix system. In order to execute a program or a command, a special environment is created. e.g. If we execute the command 'grep' or 'ls', it will start the process internally.

The process ID (aka pid) is five-digit id used by Unix operating system to track process. It is unique for each process in given executing Unix environment.
The pid values repeat because all the possible numbers are used up. However, no two processes with the same pid exist in the Unix system because it is used to track each process.

Types of processes

There are two types of processes-

1. Foreground processes
2. Background processes

1. Foreground Processes

The process which takes input from the keyboard and sends its output to the screen is a foreground process. 

If any foreground process is running we cannot execute any other command or start any other process as prompt will not be available until the existing process is finished.

e.g. When we execute 'ls' command output is returned to the screen. It is an example of the foreground process.

2. Background Processes

The process which runs without being connected to your keyboard is called the background process.

The background process goes in wait mode if it requires any keyboard input. We can execute other commands while the existing process is running.  In order to execute the command in background mode, add an ampersand (&) at the end of the command. 

e.g. When we execute the command 'ls * &', it runs as the background process.

Commands

a) Use below command to list currently running processes

$ps

The result of this command will be

PID       TTY      TIME        CMD

18008     ttyp3    00:00:00    abc.sh

18311     ttyp3    00:03:31    test

19789     ttyp3    00:00:00    ps

b) In some cases, -f (i.e. full) option is used to get more information
$ps -f

The result of this command will be
UID      PID  PPID C STIME    TTY   TIME CMD
abcuid   1138 3062 0 01:23:03 pts/6 0:00 abc
abcuid   2239 3602 0 02:22:54 pts/6 0:00 pqer
abcuid   3362 3157 0 03:10:53 pts/6 0:00 xyz

Here,
UID: It is the user ID that the process belongs to
PID: Process ID
PPID: Parent process ID
C: CPU utilization of process
STIME: Process start time
TTY: Terminal type
TIME: CPU time is taken by the process
CMD: The command that started this process

Child and Parent Processes

• Two ID numbers will be assigned to each process.
• These two ID numbers are the parent process ID (PPID) and the process ID (PID) or child id.
• In the Unix system, each user process has a parent process and hence PPID is assigned to each user process.
• The shell will act as a parent whenever we execute any command.
• If we see the output of the command 'ps -f', we can notice that the process ID and the parent process ID is listed.

The video below provides more information about processes in Unix system.

ElasticSearch in the Informatica MDM

Are you looking for the information about ElasticSearch? What is purpose using Elasticsearch in Informatica MDM? If yes, then this article provides you with detailed information about it. This article also highlights on brief history about Elastic Search.

What is Elasticsearch?

Elasticsearch is an open source, a distributed, multitenant-capable full-text search engine developed in Java. It is founded in 2012 to provide a scalable search solution. It comes as ELK stack i.e. Elasticsearch, Logstash and Kibana. These three products together provide great search solution. Elasticsearch is a search engine based on Lucene. Logstash is a repository where actual logs(Information/data) is stored and send to Elasticsearch. Kibana is a user interface where logs are shown in an analytical form such as graph etc.

Informatica MDM and Elasticsearch

Elastic search is integrated with Informatica MDM from MDM version 10.3 for better search functionality in Customer 360 application.  Once the Elasticsearch in MDM, the search functionality can be viewed in Customer 360 application as below -

Elasticsearch and Solr Search in Informatica MDM

We can use either Solr or Elasticsearch with Informatica MDM. Both search engines are based on Lucene library. However, Elasticsearch is better in performance. Search with Solr is deprecated and is replaced by the search with Elasticsearch.

1. With Elasticsearch, we can use the asterisk wildcard character (*) to perform a search. 
2. The query parser of Elasticsearch provides the flexibility to use various types of characters in the search strings. 
3. Solr search does not provide the flexibility to use various types of characters
4. With Elasticsearch we can use operators such as AND and OR to search for records.

How to install Elasticsearch?

Elasticsearch package comes with Informatica MDM 10.3. The installation instructions are simple and provided in the installation guide. You can install Elasticsearch on any machine where the MDM Hub components are installed or on a separate machine. However, if you would like to install it as standalone then you can install Elasticsearch from here. DOWNLOAD

You can refer the video below to configure Elastic search with Informatica MDM