Process Management in Unix System

Are you looking for an article on how does process management happen in Unix? Would you like to foreground and background processes in the Unix? Are you also would you like to know about commands related to the process management? If yes, then you reached the right place. This article provides detailed information about process management in Unix system.

Overview

The new process will be created and started whenever we issue a command in the Unix system. In order to execute a program or a command, a special environment is created. e.g. If we execute the command 'grep' or 'ls', it will start the process internally.

The process ID (aka pid) is five-digit id used by Unix operating system to track process. It is unique for each process in given executing Unix environment.
The pid values repeat because all the possible numbers are used up. However, no two processes with the same pid exist in the Unix system because it is used to track each process.

Types of processes

There are two types of processes-

1. Foreground processes
2. Background processes

1. Foreground Processes

The process which takes input from the keyboard and sends its output to the screen is a foreground process. 

If any foreground process is running we cannot execute any other command or start any other process as prompt will not be available until the existing process is finished.

e.g. When we execute 'ls' command output is returned to the screen. It is an example of the foreground process.

2. Background Processes

The process which runs without being connected to your keyboard is called the background process.

The background process goes in wait mode if it requires any keyboard input. We can execute other commands while the existing process is running.  In order to execute the command in background mode, add an ampersand (&) at the end of the command. 

e.g. When we execute the command 'ls * &', it runs as the background process.

Commands

a) Use below command to list currently running processes

$ps

The result of this command will be

PID       TTY      TIME        CMD

18008     ttyp3    00:00:00    abc.sh

18311     ttyp3    00:03:31    test

19789     ttyp3    00:00:00    ps

b) In some cases, -f (i.e. full) option is used to get more information
$ps -f

The result of this command will be
UID      PID  PPID C STIME    TTY   TIME CMD
abcuid   1138 3062 0 01:23:03 pts/6 0:00 abc
abcuid   2239 3602 0 02:22:54 pts/6 0:00 pqer
abcuid   3362 3157 0 03:10:53 pts/6 0:00 xyz

Here,
UID: It is the user ID that the process belongs to
PID: Process ID
PPID: Parent process ID
C: CPU utilization of process
STIME: Process start time
TTY: Terminal type
TIME: CPU time is taken by the process
CMD: The command that started this process

Child and Parent Processes

• Two ID numbers will be assigned to each process.
• These two ID numbers are the parent process ID (PPID) and the process ID (PID) or child id.
• In the Unix system, each user process has a parent process and hence PPID is assigned to each user process.
• The shell will act as a parent whenever we execute any command.
• If we see the output of the command 'ps -f', we can notice that the process ID and the parent process ID is listed.

The video below provides more information about processes in Unix system.

ElasticSearch in the Informatica MDM

Are you looking for the information about ElasticSearch? What is purpose using Elasticsearch in Informatica MDM? If yes, then this article provides you with detailed information about it. This article also highlights on brief history about Elastic Search.

What is Elasticsearch?

Elasticsearch is an open source, a distributed, multitenant-capable full-text search engine developed in Java. It is founded in 2012 to provide a scalable search solution. It comes as ELK stack i.e. Elasticsearch, Logstash and Kibana. These three products together provide great search solution. Elasticsearch is a search engine based on Lucene. Logstash is a repository where actual logs(Information/data) is stored and send to Elasticsearch. Kibana is a user interface where logs are shown in an analytical form such as graph etc.

Informatica MDM and Elasticsearch

Elastic search is integrated with Informatica MDM from MDM version 10.3 for better search functionality in Customer 360 application.  Once the Elasticsearch in MDM, the search functionality can be viewed in Customer 360 application as below -

Elasticsearch and Solr Search in Informatica MDM

We can use either Solr or Elasticsearch with Informatica MDM. Both search engines are based on Lucene library. However, Elasticsearch is better in performance. Search with Solr is deprecated and is replaced by the search with Elasticsearch.

1. With Elasticsearch, we can use the asterisk wildcard character (*) to perform a search. 
2. The query parser of Elasticsearch provides the flexibility to use various types of characters in the search strings. 
3. Solr search does not provide the flexibility to use various types of characters
4. With Elasticsearch we can use operators such as AND and OR to search for records.

How to install Elasticsearch?

Elasticsearch package comes with Informatica MDM 10.3. The installation instructions are simple and provided in the installation guide. You can install Elasticsearch on any machine where the MDM Hub components are installed or on a separate machine. However, if you would like to install it as standalone then you can install Elasticsearch from here. DOWNLOAD

You can refer the video below to configure Elastic search with Informatica MDM

How to monitor what are users logged in to the Informatica Data Director Application?

Are you looking for an article on how to monitor IDD users? Are you also looking for information what changes need to be made in order to achieve it? If yes, then refer this article. This article explains what is need of user monitoring and how to configure it.

Introduction

The Informatica Data Director (IDD) is one of the business critical application. The various business users uses IDD application. It is always good idea to monitor users using the application for security reason. In lower environments such as development or QA, it become more tedious to  track who made the change. So having monitory control on login mechanism will try to avoid such incidents. This articles helps to configure IDD application for monitoring users who uses it.

Configuration file

We need to use log4j.xml file to log users which uses IDD application. We can use existing log file or can create new  log file.

File Location

We need to update log4j.xml file from below location

<install directory>\hub\server\conf

Code Changes

Add the code below after consoleappender code in the log4j.xml file

<!-- File appender for Login Tracker-->

    <appender name="loginAppender" class="org.apache.log4j.RollingFileAppender">

        <param name="File" value="/hub/server/logs/LoginTracker.log"/>

        <param name="MaxBackupIndex" value="5"/>

        <param name="MaxFileSize" value="500MB"/>

        <param name="Threshold" value="DEBUG"/>

        <layout class="org.apache.log4j.PatternLayout">

            <!-- The default pattern: Date Priority [Category] Thread Message -->

            <param name="ConversionPattern" value="[%d{ISO8601}] [%t] [%-5p] %c: %m%n"/>

        </layout>

    </appender>

    <!-- Added the following category to invoke the appender for Login Tracker -->

    <category name="com.siperian.dsapp.common.util.LoginLogger">

        <priority value="INFO"/>

     <appender-ref ref="loginAppender"/>

    </category>

    <!-- Added the following category to invoke the appender for Login Tracker of MDM-->

    <category name="com.siperian.sam.authn.jaas.JndiLoginModule">

        <priority value="INFO"/>

     <appender-ref ref="loginAppender"/>

    </category>

Server Restart

Normally application server restart is not required. However, if log file is not generated after above code changes then restart the application server.

How to analyze the log file

If user is logged in or logged out then this information will be stored in the log file. The log file entry will look like as below :

[2018-09-25 15:03:31,774] [http-/0.0.0.0:8080-5] [INFO ] com.siperian.dsapp.common.util.LoginLogger: User <admin> logged into IDD

[2018-09-25 15:04:14,255] [http-/0.0.0.0:8080-2] [INFO ] com.siperian.dsapp.common.util.LoginLogger: User <admin> has been logged out of the IDD"

[2018-09-25 15:04:14,329] [http-/0.0.0.0:8080-2] [INFO ] com.siperian.dsapp.common.util.LoginLogger: User <testuser> logged into IDD

[2018-09-25 15:05:16,295] [http-/0.0.0.0:8080-5] [INFO ] com.siperian.dsapp.common.util.LoginLogger: User <testuser> has been logged out of the IDD"

[2018-09-25 15:05:16,295] [http-/0.0.0.0:8080-5] [INFO ] com.siperian.dsapp.common.util.LoginLogger: User <admin> has been logged out of the IDD"

[2018-09-25 15:05:23,309] [http-/0.0.0.0:8080-6] [INFO ] com.siperian.dsapp.common.util.LoginLogger: User <jamesmanager> logged into IDD

[2018-09-25 15:06:32,365] [http-/0.0.0.0:8080-7] [INFO ] com.siperian.dsapp.common.util.LoginLogger: User <jamesmanager> has been logged out of the IDD"

The video below provides additional information about how to monitor users which are logged in the IDD Application.

Informatica Master Data Management - MDM - Quiz - 10

Q1. Match rule sets include which of the following

A. A search level that dictates the search strategy
B. Any number of automatic and manual match column rules
C. A filter to selectively include or exclude records from tha match batch
D. Match path for inter-table/Intra-table-matching

Q2. Which correctly describes master data??

A. Customer name
B. Customer address
C. Customer purchases
D. Customer preferences

Q3. A role is a set of privileges to access secure informatica MDM hub resources

A. True
B. False

Q4. Which statement best describes what the build match group(BMG) process does

A. Allows only a single "null to non-null" match into any group
B. Removes redundant matching
C. Executes in advance of the consolidate process
D. All statements are correct

Q5. What happens to records in the stage process that have structural integrity issues?

A. They are written to reject tables.
B. They are placed in the manager merge process
C. They are written to the raw table
D. They are added to the enhanced filtering process for resolution.

Previous Quiz             Next Quiz

Informatica Master Data Management - MDM - Quiz - 9

Q1. Which of these features are supported in Metadata manager?

A. The renaming of certain design objects.
B. Promoting record states.
C. Running a simulation of applying a change List.
D. Validate repository.

Q2. After configuration of the hub store which batch jobs are created automatically?

A. External Match jobs
B. Revalidate Jobs
C. Promote jobs
D. Synchronize jobs

Q3. When grand children are displyaed in table, view all grand children are deplayed not just those related to the selected child.

A. True
B. False

Q4. What does the trust frameWork do dynamically?

A. Defines whether two records will match
B. Maintains cell-level survivor ship of only the best attributes
C. Calculates a data quality score to be used on a data score card.
D. Standardizes data to make its most trustworthy form.

Q5. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of the MDM hub?

A. Can run in any database and version.
B. Flexibility to use any data model that is appropriate for a given customer.
C. A consistent design and architecture built on a single code base.
D. The ability to handle any data domain.

Previous Quiz             Next Quiz

What is Hard Delete Detection in Informatica MDM?

Do you know how Hard Delete Detection (HDD) works in Informatica MDM? Are you interested in knowing the basic concepts and the working principles of HDD? Are you looking for a sample code of HDD? If so, then you can refer to this article. In this article we will discuss the Hard Delete Detection process and its usage in the Informatica MDM.

What is the Hard Delete Detection?

Hard Delete detection is abbreviated as HDD. It is a process to determine the records removed or physically deleted from the source system. Informatica MDM determines the records which are removed from the source system and soft delete it in the associated MDM base object tables.

What are the soft delete and the hard delete?

 Soft delete and hard delete are not Informatica MDM concepts. These are well known concepts for any database management system. Soft deletion is achieved by using a column such as 'STATUS'  or 'ACTIVE_INACTIVE' or any other column which tells the record is deleted or active for business. So soft deleted records are physically maintained in the database but are not active for business purposes.  The soft deleted records can be recovered by making them active and making them available them for business.

      On the other hand the hard deleted records are physically removed from  the database and those are not available to business once those are hard deleted.

Do all types of databases support HDD in Informatica?

No. Only Oracle and Microsoft SQL Server environments can detect records that are removed from the source systems.  The DB2 database environment cannot detect records which are removed from the source systems.

How HDD works in the Informatica MDM?

• The stage job  in the MDM Hub compares all the records in the landing with the records in the previous landing table (aka PRL table) associated with each landing table.
• After determining the missing records in the landing table those are flagged as hard deletes for a full load. 
• The hard delete flagged records are reinserted back into the landing table along with a delete flag value. 
• For flagging records for hard deletes in the source, either we can use HUB_STATE_IND column or any other custom column.
•  After running the stage and the load job in the MDM Hub, records are updated in the associated base object table. 

What are the requirements for HDD implemenation?

Below are major requirements for implementing HDD :

1.  In order for HDD to work, we need to have a full load every time. It does not work with incremental or transitional loads.
2. We need to create a hard delete detection table in the repository table to configure hard deletes. 
3.  In order to make entry into the job metric table, we need to maintain an additional configuration.
4. HDD requires user exits to be written in Java.

What are the User Exits required for HDD implementation?

Below are the user exits required to be implemented for HDD:

1. Post Landing User Exits

2. Post Stage User Exits

Sample code for User Exits:

Here is a sample code for Post Landing User Exits:

public class PostLandingUE implements PostLandingUserExit {

public void processUserExit(UserExitContext oUEContext, String stagingTableName, String landingTableName,

String PRLTableName) throws Exception {

try {

HardDeleteDetection hdd = new HardDeleteDetection(oUEContext.getBatchJobRowid(), stagingTableName); 

hdd.startHardDeleteDetection(oUEContext.getDBConnection());

} catch (Exception e) {

e.printStackTrace();

} 

}

}

Here is a sample code for Post Stage User Exits:

public class PostStageUE implements PostStageUserExit {

public void processUserExit(UserExitContext userExitContext, String stagingTableName, String landingTableName,

String PRLTableName) throws Exception {

try {

ConsensusFlagUpdate consensusProcess = new ConsensusFlagUpdate(userExitContext.getBatchJobRowid(), stagingTableName); 

consensusProcess.startConsensusFlagUpdate(userExitContext.getDBConnection());

} catch (Exception e) {

e.printStackTrace();

} 

}

}

The video below provides detailed information about the Hard Delete detection process in the MDM hub.

How to use 'grep' commands in Unix?

Are you looking for  details about 'grep' commands in the Unix environment? Are you also looking for what are structures and samples for various 'grep' commands in the Unix system? If so, then this article provides detailed information about 'grep' command with its usage. 

What is the 'grep' command?

The word grep stands for globally search a regular expression and print. The command 'grep' is a command-line utility. It is used for searching plain-text data. The search is performed by using a regular expression.

Commands:

1. Use the command below to search a specific string in the specified file
grep "Techno Guru" test_file

2. Use the command below to search a specific string in all the files
grep "Techno Guru" *

3. Use the command below to search a specific string in only in the .log  files. We can also use regular expressions such as abc*.log, *test*.*, abc*.log. Search will be performed against files which matches this file patterns.
grep "Techno Guru" *.log

4. Use the command below to perform case in-sensitive search. The command below will matches all the words such as "TECHNO GURU", "Techno Guru", "tEchno Guru", "techno guru" etc.
grep -i "Techno Guru" test_file

5. To print the matched line, along with 5 lines after it.
grep  -A 5 -i "Techno Guru" test_file

6. To perform recursive search
grep -r "Techno Guru" test_file

7. To perform recursive search in all the files. Below command searches "Techno Guru" word in all the files under the current directory and its sub directory
grep -r "Techno Guru" *

8. Use the command below to search using regular expression in search string. The command below searches for starting string "Techno" and ends with "Guru". You can use other different search pattern as well.
grep "Techno*Guru" test_file

9. What are the regular patterns can be used?
The below mentioned regular patterns can be used while working with grep command.
? : Matched at most once.
* : Matched zero or more times.
+  : Matched one or more times.
{n} : Matched exactly n times.
{n,} : Matched n or more times.
{,m}  : Matched at most m times.
{n,m} : Matched at least n times, but not more than m times.

10. Use 'grep -w' command to search for full words and not for sub-strings. In the below command exact "Techno" or "techno" or "TECHNO" will be matched in the file. However if file contains "Technoworld" then it will not be identified as match.
grep -iw "Techno" test_file

11. Displaying lines before/after/around the match using grep -A, -B and -C
If you are performing file analysis in real time project, it will be useful to see some lines after or before the match.

a) To display 5 lines after match
grep -A 5 -i "Techno Guru" test_file

b) To display 5 lines before match
grep -B 5 "Techno Guru" test_file

c) To display 4 lines around match. The option -C used for the match to be appeared with the lines from both the side.
grep -C 4 "Techno Guru" test_file

12. To count the number of matches use the command below
grep -c "Technology World"  Test_file

13. To count the number lines which does NOT found match, use the command below
grep -v -c "Technology World"  Test_file

14. To highlight the search. In order to see which part matches the line, we can highlight it as (Use can use any color to highlight)
export GREP_OPTIONS='--color=auto' GREP_COLOR='99;8'

15. To determine the name of files in which match string found.
grep -l "Techno" test_*

16. Use the command below to show only matched string as by default grep command shows the line which matches the given string.
grep -o "Techno Guru" Test_file

Learn more about Unix in the video below: